Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS): Immune system usually fights foreign invaders and protects our body. In this typical case of Guillain-Barre Syndrome, the immune system reacts with the body’s nerve cells and makes them weak. Temporary paralysis is seen in people who experience this condition. However, even with severe cases, recovery is promising as a majority of people make a complete recovery. Though a full recovery may take up to 7 to 12 months, the chances of GBS returning are quite small.

What causes Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

The condition can occur to anyone, but it is most common in people 50 years older. The exact cause of GBS is not well-understood. Experts believe that the condition gets triggered by a viral infection or any other illness that alters the nerve cells. This may lead to an immune response to the body’s own nerve cells – owing to the immune system considering them as threats. The symptoms usually manifest after a triggering event such as flu, cold, or stomach virus. In some cases, bacterial infection by campylobacter can also lead to GBS.

Symptoms

People who develop this autoimmune condition may experience nerve pain, muscle weakness, pain in the affected body part, loss of reflexes, and tingling sensation.

The condition comes on suddenly. In the beginning, the affected person may feel the loss of sensation in arms and legs; muscle weakness, and tingling sensation in hands and feet (pins and needles). The symptoms move towards the midbody portion.

Reflexes slow down with an unusually tired feeling. Some people may develop heart rate and blood pressure problems.

Some people have only mild weakness, while others become almost paralyzed and experience breathing and swallowing difficulties.

Complications

In many cases, GBS can lead to breathing problems, choking, heart issues, and other complications. They may need hospitalization.

Diagnosis

Neurologists evaluate patients’ symptoms and perform a neurological examination. They may also order spinal tap Electromyography tests (EMG) and nerve conduction studies. Based on the medical history, symptoms, and test results they will diagnose the condition.

Treatment

Though there is no permanent cure, neurologists provide treatment to ease symptoms and reduce the duration of the illness. To reduce the severity and fasten the recovery process, there are two modes of treatment – plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) and immunoglobulin therapy.

Bottom Line

Recovery can take weeks to years, but most people do recover. However, if you get sudden weakness in your arms and legs even if it is mild, then seek immediate emergency medical care as the symptoms could quickly turn worse. The symptoms can also be due to a more serious neurological condition like stroke.

In some cases, symptoms such as tingling and numbness, muscle weakness, and walking difficulty may continue. A very small number of people may need a wheelchair or walker – while most people recover completely.